LINK Our best shot at cooling the planet might be right under our feet

Please follow the link to my Climate related blog

NB. Better Land - Soil use

"Pilot projects bury carbon dioxide in basalt." Report from Nature News & Comment_26 July 2013

 JEFF TOLLEFSON writes in Nature

"By early August, scientists will have pumped 1,000 tonnes of pure carbon dioxide into porous rock far below the northwestern United States. The goal is to find a permanent home for the carbon dioxide generated by human activities.

Researchers at the US Department of Energy’s Pacific Northwest National Laboratory (PNNL) in Richland, Washington, began the injections into the Columbia River Basalt formation near the town of Wallula on 17 July. The rock contains pores created as many as 16 million years ago, when magma flowed across what is now the Columbia River Basin. Bubbles of CO2 migrated to the edges of the magma as it cooled, forming layers of holes sandwiched between solid rock (see 'Rock steady').

In pumping emissions back underground, “we are returning the carbon dioxide from whence it came”, says Pete McGrail, an environ­mental engineer at the PNNL who is heading the experiment, part of a larger energy-department programme on ways to sequester carbon."

KEEP-UP THE GOOD WORK LADS.
ON THE STORAGE SIDE OF THE CO2 OUTPUT ACCOUNTANCY (IN) BALANCE THE FUTURE APPEARS TO LIE IN SUCH INITIATIVES.

I WILL POST AGAIN ON REDUCTIONS ON THE PRODUCTION SIDE OF CO2 - NOT AS GOOD AS HOPED!




Read the full article freely available in The Journal Nature entitled  "Pilot projects bury carbon dioxide in basalt : Nature News & Comment" (pdf).

Climate change solution innovators_EU nations commit $3.6 billion to climate fund

Alternative Title_"The Good, The Bad and the Ugly".

Good News and bad news:

The Good:
Lets take note of this apparently good news for the majority awaiting developments.

And for good innovation practice:
"The EU leaders also pledged to reduce their emissions by 30 percent of 1990 levels by 2020 — but are still demanding that other leading polluters make comparable commitments first."

The Bad:
Critics noted, however, the $10 billion-a-year aid pales in comparison to the huge stimulus packages and bank bailouts paid by many governments in the wake of the global financial meltdown. Financier George Soros, speaking Thursday in Copenhagen, dismissed the $10 billion figure as inadequate for the scope of change that poor countries need to enact.

The Ugly?

I could hold a Pole, sorry Poll, for example.

But I shall leave this to readers to comment upon.
Warning or Warming: Please reference your comments.

Reference:

en référence à : EU nations commit $3.6 billion to climate fund - Yahoo! News (afficher sur -read on Google Sidewiki)

Climate 2008_Important Repository of Conf Papers_ Intuition - Foresight-Hindsight: Virtual Labs, Conferences Networks

Climate 2008 is an very important repository of conference papers following the virtual conference in Hamburg Nov 2008 and an important step in virtual conference organisation.

The papers presented are grouped in 4 Categories:

1. Scientific aspects of climate change including on modeling, forecasts and data analysis, generated by interdisciplinary teams. (15 papers)
2. Social aspects on climate change, including economics, policy-making and social impacts. (29 papers)
3. Education, communication and training on climate change. (12 papers)
4. Regional / international initiatives, projects and other efforts involving different groups and stakeholders. (18 papers)
HYPER LINKS Climate 2008



To quote from my post of 5 Jan.09; G8 University Summit conference focused on Global Sustainability, Concrete measures to take, International Co-operation by Academia in this "War":

"One can hope that more Universities may be able participate this year 2009 and in the future and that low carbon-footprint initiatives such as virtual labs, and conferences, networks follow say around a backbone of field work." ( I expect that I was influence by the increasing numbers of "Webinars" in the private sphere).

Well here is one "New Year 2009 Wish" satisfied.

Little did I know that the first global, purely virtual climate conference, "Klima 2008 / Climate 2008", took place from the 3 to 7 November 2008 (http://www.climate2008.net/) in Hamburg.

Within the framework of "Klima2008 / Climate 2008", at least one million users were expected to take part in the conference worldwide. Scientists, politicians, businessmen, associations and Non-Gov. Organisations-NGOs, as well as individuals are invited to submit papers for "Klima 2008 / Climate 2008" and/or participate in the event.

The online conference on climate change is under the patronage of three celebrities:
H.S.H. Prince Albert II of Monaco, Dr. Annette Schavan, Federal Minister for Education and Research, and Dr. Achim Steiner, head of the United Nations Environment Programme (UNEP),

The conference was organised by the Faculty of Life Sciences of the University of Applied Sciences of Hamburg, Germany, under the leadership of Professor Walter Leal from the research and transfer centre "Applications of Life Sciences".

Partners are:
The EC's Joint Research Centre, Institute for Environment and Sustainability,
The United Nations Environment Programme (UNEP),
The Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC), and
The US Environmental Protection Agency (EPA).
NB. Moreover, UNESCO declared the event to be a project of the United Nations Decade of Education for Sustainable Development (from 2005 to 2014).


Source:
First-virtual-global-conference-on-climate-change.html

MORE:
Climate Change Studies Library

Climate Projects around the world

G8 University Summit conference focused on Global Sustainability, Concrete measures to take, International Co-operation by Academia in this "War"

For first time in history the presidents of major universities in G8 and other countries convened, from 29June to 1July08, at a G8 University Summit conference to discuss pressing international issues from the academic and neutral viewpoints.

Highly significantly, the main focus of the summit was global sustainability; designing concrete measures to address it's challenges, promoting international cooperation from the academic field, and contributing to such activities.

Due to the strong influence university education has, on the future national and international elite, this initiative is potentially one of the most significant actions taken in 2008 in order to help meet the gigantic challenges of climate change and limited resourses. It is fiting too that the natural mineral resource starved Japan housed this first get-together.

In parallel with the G8 Hokkaido Toyako Summit, the presidents of 35 universities (the presidents of 27 universities including United Nations University, and deputy presidents from 8 universities) from a total of 14 countries participated in this summit.

One can hope that more Universities may be able participate this year 2009 and in the future and that low carbon-footprint initiatives such as virtual labs, and conferences, networks follow say around a backbone of field work.

Reference:

G8 University Summit_Main Page

Results

Recession and The Environment II – Climate Change: Root Causes and Solutions

Confidential.

Here you will find further elements to support the daring- almost presumptuous hypothesis advanced in my previous post "Recession and The Environment I. "

Many of you may have been surprised, as I was myself, (confidentially) by the extent of my uncharacteristic daring leading to the first analysis and opinion, as to the root causes and solutions to the the top "Re-current Affairs" issue of the day: "Economic & Financial Recession" cf. Title above.

Well rather than back-off, I'm sure you will be pleased to read further evidence in support of my previous hypothesis. The urge to further research the issue came rapidly. Evidence came equally rapidly. A couple of Google searches and my experience of good sources turned up a comment on "Recession, Energy <=>Environment, Finite Resources, Climate Change

Contributor whose "alias?" is "MARKANASH" posted this comment 24 Sep 2008, on the Idle Scrawl Paul Mason's blog. Paul is a much travelled Economist and BBC reporter.

Quote:
"You're totally missing one fundamental point. Our present way of life is predicated on using tomorrow's money to pay for what we want today (debt). This in turn relies on endless economic growth. Economic growth on the scale to which we have become accustomed is based almost entirely on cheap energy - stacked and stored in the earth for millions of years and now having been gorged by humans for the past 100 years. The era of cheap energy ends about now; our Energy Return on Energy Invested will drop precipitously in the coming decade or two. No amount of fancy, debt-fuelled financial products, derivatives and systems will operate without reliable (ie cheap energy based) economic growth. The rates of economic growth we've experienced in our lifetimes are about to cease (or at least fall dramatically) as we figure out how to live within our energy means. So, forget trying to put back into its shell the scrambled egg that is now the Anglo-US financial system. Start figuring out how to live without cheap energy and, so, without unsustainable economic growth. I don't have the answers, but I do know that the transition from us relying on cheap (borrowed) energy to a lifestyle based on the sustainable use of real-time energy is going to be painful. Bankers and financiers have yet to see the problem, let alone figure out solutions. "


My rapid search turned-up complimentary evidence in support of MARKANASH's blunt opinion on bankers and financiers:

There is a very commonly held view and justifiable public outcry on executive remuneration packages-here "Top B's" B short for merchant bankers - and their followers. This is put forward by many as a leading root cause of the present predicament. Here I contend that this fits the "irresponsibility theme" under pinning Pacala's heart felt analyis and disgust, which I share to a large extent and amplify, need I add. (cf. my previous post).

One of my "hero's-mentors", here in France, is Jean Francois Kahn, JFK to the intimates, we have met a couple of times - no kidding. JFK, as he has done for several years now, again lashes out at the irresponsible discrepancy between Top Dog remuneration packages and results, and also to their collective disconnection or memory loss from common reality.
JFK has a very imagery way of situating the levels of such packages. He compares the the top Dog Salaries & remuneration packages to the number of centuries the common worker on minimum wage would need to work. Yes it runs into centuries! From memory this tallies up to something like from the 6th century to the present day (15 centuries)!!!

In the current case he considers that Bankers morality - professional ethics (responsibility) is strongly questionable and a major contributing factor to the current financial crisis and recession. He remarks that the president of Lehmans Bros helped himself to 23M$ salary or package last year while in the same year he recommended that the US admin. refuse a 5M$ budget to help under-privileged - the dirt poor US citizens. This is just one example of many. Kahn calling "a spade a spade" frankly considers this behaviour to be totally immoral, and who can disagree? I wonder how much fresh cash this approach may generate?

Here rests the case for the prosecution!

Source: Paul Mason's blog post "We are not doomed: Discuss" which started the debate among his contributors, eg. "markanash" quoted above amoung others. Paul supplies links to short summaries of underlying economic theory. It's a quick read & well worth a squint which is all the reading necessary - He defends the system concluding: "In short I propose what could come out of this is a highly regulated and more stable info-capitalism." Wonder why it did not come before? Then my experience comes from ... partly through Aeronautic & Nuclear Materials Quality Control, Assurance Standards & Stringent Clients Requirements - no kidding there, at least in the West. No wonder students flee the exigence of science and engineering!

Recession and The Environment I – Climate Change -Root Causes and Solutions

THE AIM of this post:

I propose to develop the hypothesis that lack of vigour to combat climate change, especially by world leading US administration, is one root cause, if not the main root cause for the current economic-financial recession. I base this on the stabilising wedge methodology proposed by Pacala & Socolow and specifically in the excellent interview given by Pacala to IOP – Environmental Research. (If you have any comments on where the European Union stands in this I'd be more than pleased to hear)

Introduction-Summary.

I can’t do a better summary of the IOP* – Pacala** interview than that of Liz Kalaugher, editor of the relative new IOP environmentalresearchweb.(start 2007)
[ *IOP is the highly respected, Institute of Physics UK – **Pacala is with R. Socolow, the inventors of the Wedge Methodology-Tool to combate climate change by innovation from existing technology [Link] both are professors at Princeton Uni., He describes this himself in the interview as “The wedges paper, was never really intended as a practical scheme for deploying technology but rather as a way to get people to think about the problem so that those who were stalling with obfuscatory language would have to stop."] – [Mores the pity, One step forward two steps back? – JA.]

To Quote Liz: “Back in 2004, Stephen Pacala and Rob Socolow of Princeton University, US, came up with the concept of "stabilization wedges", a way of mixing and matching currently available technologies to cut carbon emissions by the amount needed to stabilize the climate. The paper was a reaction to what Pacala and Socolow saw as strategy to stall action on global warming by the Bush administration by claiming that the world lacked the technology to tackle it. While any one of today’s technologies alone is unable to meet the challenge, the pair showed that a portfolio of such solutions would be up to the job.”

Pacala describes how emissions and the planet have changed since publication of the wedges paper, the potential effects of a recession, how easy it might be to invent-[Innovate may be a better term] our way out of the problem, and his new work on calculating fair national emissions caps by assigning individual carbon allowances. (rationing-ration cards for carbon footprints –WWII wartime – post wartime technique-JA)

Four aggravating main developments since the fourth IPCC Report 2007-International Panel on Climate Change .

1. The first change since the IPCC report has to do with emissions growing too quickly.
2-3. the second and third have to do with carbon sinks being weaker than they were before.
4. Even if carbon sinks had not weaken, Ice sheet dynamics impose a tightening of the original 50y target. Now we need to reach a much more stringent one nearer 30y than we thought it was"
“There’s no good news in the mix and there’s plenty of bad news but the jury’s still out, we’ll have to wait and see.”

Pacala & Socolow’s motives:

-Stop the Bush Admin from stalling.
-Stop ‘the group of scientists that were writing grant proposals masquerading as energy assessments.” - “The call for blue sky research.”
-Stop the “unhealthy collusion between the scientific community" who believed that there was a serious problem and a political movement that didn’t”.
(NB. I seldom use itallics, perfering Straight,Upright characters.)

As a wise experienced scientist Pacala concludes that:
“It would be astonishing if it [CO2 The Wedge Methodology-Tool] weren’t false in many ways, but what we said was accurate at the time (2004 &Today).

Pacala et al - current road-map on Carbon Footprint

A. More on Stalling - the Stallers:

The China –US CO2 slanging match and All stallers put roughly is:

eg. China says “You [USA] already had your economic growth and now it’s our turn” and US points its finger at China and says it’s not fair to expect us to do that unilaterally when you’re the largest emitter in the world now. [cf. P. Senges simplified vicious circle concept using the Cold War Nuclear Arms race -You increase "its worth a bomb" -We increase... = Inflation -worth a bomb(?) fortunately without the big bang-Ultimate Crash, yet! -JA)

Pacala replies: “This rhetoric of fairness that reminds me a little bit of the former rhetoric of technological unreadiness. It’s just a gigantic stalling gambit.”

He provides several strong arguments in support of this :
“Concept of fairness that "they" are actually using here do not appear congruent with the concepts of fairness we use in our everyday lives.”

“Past emissions in the US do not necessarily have anything to do with the people there today, many are relatively new immigrants.”

“You receive the benefits of your western standard of wealth and you distribute the emissions costs to everyone in the world. The same is true of the Chinese person who has your income. It’s not that I have anything against China, but I don’t see why the wealthy in Shanghai ought to get a free ride.” [ Pacala does not mention the relative statistics, but the point is general.]
“Those dollars and the emissions that go with them have exactly the same robber baron roots as the money in your bank account. Money is promiscuous – it travels around the world.”

B. THE FILTHY RICH:
“You receive the benefits of your western standard of wealth and you distribute the emissions costs to everyone in the world.”

Pacala et al. are working, in his own words, on a “fancy-schmancy statistical thing;” effectively an “Analytical Accountancy Method –ie physically based” bottom-up (individual) Emissions Capping System aggregating national caps to international one all based on the individual etc. [ a sort of Rationing system to call a spade a spade].

He only hints at some basics since at the time of the interview 12 May 08 their work had not been published.

“You could have one number for the whole world, reducing it every year. Although I can’t tell you precisely what the answer is because the work is not yet published, I will tell you that it simultaneously passes the laugh test and offers sensible”.

“One hint is that the climate problem turns out to be almost entirely a problem of the wealthy – 50% of emissions are caused by the top 700 million emitters. And a substantial fraction of those people – on the order of a fifth – actually live in developing countries.”

"It’s got a nice little [read nasty?] feedback loop in it, if you grow faster economically and you have a whole bunch of rich people then your target comes down faster. If you grow slower and your people stay poor then you never hit the cap."

[It’s well known that the wrong way forward is to have a Russian style economic and industrial collapse thereby reducing emissions drastically – The "wise-cracks” call this “Schumpeter"[Link1] destructive creation-innovation process[Link2] or something ” – (you can’t go down any further so, if you live through it, the only way is up-rebuild. Not sure if that's what Pacala mean't. There are well-off-rich & stinking rich, & same on the poor man scale. I must re-read him - JA]

“I’ve got money now and I’m the one that’s spending it. I’m getting all the pleasure but I’m distributing all the pain” says Pacala. [Sounds about right, and I would suggest to the chaps in Princeton, if their jobs are not on the line, that they would do well to start not at the bottom but near the National leadership level to be credible all down the line – battle of the comms-(communication) aside! If their jobs are at risk it's time to call on me, confidentially.

See what I mean: Pacala quotes “If the US will just get out in front and act unilaterally, it seems to me that’s a major missing element that would cause everyone else who’s missing their Kyoto targets to buck up and start to deliver on their own commitments.”

My proposed conclusion

But US did not sign Kyoto, and push it forward - as in the famous SALT treaties on nuclear arms of which I am no expert-, and this has sent all the wrong messages. It could plausibly be argued that this is the root cause of the current financial crash and recession-JA.

Solution-
cf. Pacala approach above and their abundant freely available online work.

Let me add: I urge you the source and comment -naturally praise is preferable, abuse tolerated, but Above-All all, information is necessary and will be shared unless otherwise requested. Fee free - Tighter emissions rationing is on the agenda and economic resession will not be tollerated - work that one out.

Source: Link

NB. As the fastest evolving current "Affairs" theme I have carried out a little more research and will share this with you in my next post.

Guns, gems and steel: The Fate(s) of Human Societies

This is a link to post today on my "This-Above-All" blogsite. From an overview deductions from World History on the Fates of Human Societies, I choose to bring to the fore some reflections on Dutch past history from medieval time till the present day in their fight to master landscaping for agriculture and flood-fighting due to R.J. Barendse.

The above slightly modified title comes from a the book by J. Diamond "Guns grains and steel: The Fate of Human Society" and from it's review by the Economist and Academic, Brad Delong which in turn led to lively comments around 1999-2000, when the book was reviewed.

[LINK].

"Companies Underestimate Climate Related Risks"; according to KPMG-Sustainability, NL. "the Front-line, Dutch Wing" of KPMG.

What's all the fuss about!

THE DRAUGHT & FAMINE MAP- (Provisional)

RISK HOT-SPOT MAP
Why Bother?






Policy Matters

• Warning also given that all sectors under-estimate the full extent of climate change risk.
• Six major industry sectors are in particular danger from climate change risks, claims professional services organization KPMG today.

Aviation, health-care, tourism, transport, oil and gas and the financial services sector all feature in the “danger zone” in a report on climate change risks from KPMG* – meaning that they score highly on the risks which face them yet score poorly in terms of their preparedness to face these risks. Financial institutions are particularly exposed to climate risks through their investment portfolios and through the risk to reputation as consumer awareness grows. LINK

Types of Risk Reported: Regulatory, Physical, Reputation and Litigation







One of the famous Big 5 Company Accounts Auditors KPMG needs no introduction to the Business & Financial world. I for one was unaware of the details of their work and approach to Sustainable Development confirming my quite accurate diminutive "SusDev." This work may be less familiar to Environmentalists and Ecologists...

If readers require further references to the KPMG - Accountants & Consultancy Group, I have provided a couple of links below
KPMG won Five Best Company Awards in 2008

Full Report on Climate Change in Your Business


Full Report PDF Link

KPMG nl_ Full Sustainability report & Full Thumbs



My original reference to this "Business Interest" in Sustainability is due the the French Business Paper
Les Echos, 28th May 2008. "Entreprises et Marches" P19.

Climate Change 3 part series from FT-Financial Times-"No getting away from it" Follow-up from OCDE Forum 2008?

"Climate change – and its wider impact – is incontestably the most important issue facing mankind today – and tomorrow, too. It affects all people, regardless of nationality, faith or colour. In the first of a three part series Financial Times looks at the science of climate change-link html. "

The series is being run in association with another of my old cronies and major client GE of USA. as we used to say (CF56 central shaft in Alloy 718, aero-engine programme). Here is the GE Ecomagination site Home Page-link

Undoutably I shall come back to this FT up-date survey (incidentally following OCDE's Forum 2008 mentionned in the previous post) and your questions,suggestions and comment at this stage are most welcome, so do not be shy

Enjoy reading the FT's business and financial angle (view).

OCDE Forum 2008 : Climate Change, Growth , Stability: Prime Innovation Motivation Conversation 2-4 June 2008?

I was a lucky guest at the 2006 Forum to the forum thanks to the Club "e-reflexion" [Link in French] a group of young globally minded students in France.

The somewhat ambiguous title of the 2006 event was : Balancing Globalization. The 2006 full programme and paper links may be found in the [[Themes discussed-Link]. Could it possibly be that the Global Economy is "Unbalanced?"

I left the conference feeling that at least the notion had been addressed. Of course as a chemists, metallurgists and engineers we know well what thermodynamics and kinetics[poem link] has to say about exaggerated imbalance and short time scales=>EXPLOSION!

Now, in 2006 I was a very young blogger-tentative start Mid-2005, cf. My Profile on this blog "Conversations". By working to build my my web-log, posts and pages, I became acutely aware of the current major issue of Climate Change (& it's corollary Shortage of easily harnessed Energy) and their cumulative current & predicted incidence on Economic Growth and Global Balance(again) or Stability (Social peace?). These are precisely the themes of this weeks OCDE Forum 2008. Indeed and only "INDEED" will such a dire situation improve for the benefit of the Global Population. Fortunately the very intelligent Stearn Report, requested by the equally intelligent Economist & current UK-PM, Gordon Brown (a Scot, by the way) has set a serious, enlightening basis : "A big budget, no, a huge budget - Carrots for all? -Entrepeneur's wanted?".

Well, pun intended, I hope and must trust that OCDE-known as "The Club of the Worlds Rich Nations" will take theses pleas to heart, put dogma aside, and make this forum 2008 a big step in the "clean & proper direction" ie. advise on, participate in a gigantic global clean-up and use it's weight to bring the proper Balance & Prosperity! Strongly influence it's "so called rich"-for here too lies some ambiguity or more precisely, blatent imbalance."

However in Global terms, I trust that OCDE, Jacque Attali & I agree, that by Growth we meanS "Tropical Rain-forests, no? - N'est ce pas? cf. my "rainforest-design-choice" for my global visitor maps on all four of my web-logs... Let me make a perhaps radical sugestion that Tropical Rainforest's Units. be taken as the "Standard State" or Base measure equivalent to the "Solution" Standard State used in chemical thermodynamics. Just a first idea, requiring more R&D work to bring such "Millenium Project" Notions to life. Further as Jacque Attali reported in his recent (this week) radio chronic -"Europe 1 "Comment va le Monde"[in French]: "Rainforest -deforestation, due to fire and exploitation, eliminates a surface equivalent to that of the UK each year, and that no new technology is required to solve this major sustainable development problem for humanity ie. Action here constitutes one or many, the more the merrier, gigantic "Socolow Wedge(s)."[link-pdf]

NB. MAP of the Rainforests. Rainforests account only for 6% of the Earth's surface! Acknowledgement due to Caltech Space Radiation Lab.

NB. No visitors to date from Australia. Aussies most welcome. Nor from our friends in South America - Brazilians; come on lads, I worked for a short time on some steelmaking technology transfer -Brazilian partner at the time, APARACIDA Co. from memory and with an ex- Sheffield University PhD., Dr Bustamanti of APARACIDA incidentally a school colleague of my very good friend at Imphy SA. the late Dr. James Davidson, sadly missed.

Outlandish II_The future is now-Tommorow is today-Can a Nuclear Bomb Explosion, alter the Earths Axis of Rotation:Impact,Wobble,Flip,Precession...

In some ways this post, & the previous one, stems from such “unsubstantiated, opinionated pseudo news article and to sceptical friend’s word of mouth related opinion on IPCC conclusions on GW, ” which I stumbled upon in my search to clarify a missing link in my “scientific and technical knowledge of the “Global Warming. It is almost to give too much credit to the story but I have included this particular [Link

I have only just managed to avoid the risk of being side-tracked into to discussing CC –Climate Change, again! This has not been supressed, only relegated to the ANNEXE I.


To the point: Can nuclear explosion(s) modify the Earths Axis of Rotation?:
Impact, Wobble, Flip, Precession, Tidal Braking, Chaos Theory are all addressed and conclusions reassuring.

The Bottom Line on Planet Rotation Change according to
Prof. Steven Dutch, Natural and Applied Sciences, Wisconsin Univ.

· Solely internal processes can change the rotation of a planet by changing its moment of inertia.
· These processes do produce measurable variations in the Earth's rotation.
· These processes are far too feeble to affect the Earth's rotation significantly.
[LINK]
Steven’s page ref: Created 12 January 2005, Last Update xxxx

Morals and :
· Scientists are perfectly willing to believe in changes in orbit, axial tilt, planetary collisions, and so on, provided there is evidence for them.
· And there is [LINK]
· The Solar System is chaotic (not exactly predictable on a very long time scale) but not wildly unstable. There's not a shred of evidence for gross changes in historic times.
· Created 8 July 1998, Last Update xxxx
All of Prof S. Dutch’s pages are highly readable, calculations simple and clear to follow (High School – 1st year Univ level) and his general advice to students and academic writers sound. (Non-academics can also usefully benefit from Steves pages and humour) Highly commendable. cf ANNEX II.


Nuclear Weapon Effects
Ref. [LINK]
QUOTE:
"A nuclear detonation creates a severe environment including blast, thermal pulse, neutrons, x- and gamma-rays, radiation, electromagnetic pulse (EMP), and ionization of the upper atmosphere. Depending upon the environment in which the nuclear de-vice is detonated, blast effects are manifested as ground shock, water shock, “blueout,” cratering, and large amounts of dust and radioactive fallout. All pose problems for the survival of friendly systems and can lead to the destruction or neutralization of hostile assets.
The energy of a nuclear explosion is transferred to the surrounding medium in three distinct forms: blast; thermal radiation; and nuclear radiation. The distribution of energy among these three forms will depend on the yield of the weapon, the location of the burst, and the characteristics of the environment. For a low altitude atmospheric detonation of a moderate sized weapon in the kiloton range, the energy is distributed roughly as follows:
50% as blast;
35% as thermal radiation; made up of a wide range of the electromagnetic spectrum, including infrared, visible, and ultraviolet light and some soft x-ray emitted at the time of the explosion; and
15% as nuclear radiation; including 5% as initial ionizing radiation consisting chiefly of neutrons and gamma rays emitted within the first minute after detonation, and 10% as residual nuclear radiation. Residual nuclear radiation is the hazard in fallout.
Considerable variation from this distribution will occur with changes in yield or location of the detonation.
Because of the tremendous amounts of energy liberated per unit mass in a nuclear detonation, temperatures of several tens of million degrees centigrade develop in the immediate area of the detonation. This is in marked contrast to the few thousand degrees of a conventional explosion. At these very high temperatures the nonfissioned parts of the nuclear weapon are vaporized. The atoms do not release the energy as kinetic energy but release it in the form of large amounts of electromagnetic radiation. In an atmospheric detonation, this electromagnetic radiation, consisting chiefly of soft x-ray, is absorbed within a few meters of the point of detonation by the surrounding atmosphere, heating it to extremely high temperatures and forming a brilliantly hot sphere of air and gaseous weapon residues, the so-called fireball. Immediately upon formation, the fireball begins to grow rapidly and rise like a hot air balloon. Within a millisecond after detonation, the diameter of the fireball from a 1 megaton (Mt) air burst is 150 m. This increases to a maximum of 2200 m within 10 seconds, at which time the fireball is also rising at the rate of 100 m/sec. The initial rapid expansion of the fireball severely compresses the surrounding atmosphere, producing a powerful blast wave."

“Disclaimer - Specialists in Nuclear weapons, which I am not, have probably studied some such influences. I have not delved into available open or web based literature.”

From what precedes one make some “Dr. No” hypothesises:

One can pretty safely say that the kinetic (action-reaction) forces are insufficient to alter the Earth’s Axes of Rotation,:

cf. Dutch "Planets are Pretty Big "-
"One way to move an object is to throw mass in the opposite direction, the way jets or rockets do. The mass and the object move in opposite directions, but the center of mass of the whole system at each instant tends to stay fixed. If our astronaut had a wrench he could throw it and move himself. He might also vent off some excess oxygen to propel himself. But expelling enough mass to affect the gigantic bulk of the Earth is a stupendous task. No nuclear blast from any bomb now in existence would blast material free of the earth at all. The largest spacecraft have far less effect on the Earth than a flea jumping off an elephant.
If we think really big and imagine blasting a chunk out of the Earth as big as North America and 100 miles thick so that its final speed, after escape, with respect to the Earth is 25,000 miles an hour, we will have expelled only 1/500 of the total mass of the Earth. The Earth would move in the opposite direction 1/500 as fast or 50 miles an hour. The speed of the Earth in its orbit is about 67,000 miles an hour. We will not change the orbit of the Earth very much--if we apply the impulse to speed up the earth in its orbit we would put the Earth into a new orbit with its most distant point about 70,000 miles further from the Sun than now--and the Earth's distance from the Sun varies now by three million miles over the course of a year! Exactly the same arguments apply to changing the orbit of the Earth through the impact of a large asteroid. The largest asteroid, Ceres, about 600 miles in diameter, is only about as massive as our hypothetical chunk of Earth above. Changing the orbit of a planet is a tall order. An impact big enough to have even a tiny effect on the Earth's orbit or rotation would almost certainly destroy all life on Earth as well."

or that enough nuclear blast power cannot be brought into play, fortunately let me say.

"
Some people think of the Earth's axis "flipping over," like a top falling on its side or perhaps like one of the novelty tops that spontaneously flips over. But tops change their motion because they are balanced on a firm surface and because gravity is pulling them downward. Under zero gravity conditions, like in a spacecraft, both types of tops would spin until they slowed due to air resistance. In space, with no air, they would spin forever, and not flip or fall over. The Earth is spinning like a top, but like one spinning in space.
The amount of energy contained in the earth's rotation is pretty large: 2.1 x 1029 joules. You'd have to supply an appreciable fraction of that to change the earth's rotation in any major way. To put this number in perspective, a megaton is 4 x 1015 joules. You'd have to supply about 5 x 1014 megatons, or about 100 million times the total nuclear arsenal of the Earth. So we can see that the science fiction theme of a nuclear blast affecting the earth's rotation is just plain impossible. The kinetic energy of the earth in its orbit is about 2.7 x 1033 joules or about 10,000 times its rotational energy, so the entire earth's nuclear arsenal could hardly affect the earth in its orbit even if we could somehow deliver the energy effectively.
Another way to look at this is that it takes 400,000 joules to melt a kilogram of rock, so to change the earth's rotation, you'd liberate enough energy to melt 5 x 1023 kilograms of rock or almost 10 per cent of the earth. "

One other possibility could be to use blast & heat (85% of nuclear effects) to modify the magma flow!

This would require bomb casing materials which could withstand magma temperatures (?) and even more so have significant influence on the huge heat capacity-inertia- of the earth's magma stock ((magnitude? TBD-Google up on this). Finally precise knowledge of magma flow patterns would be required! Today we still struggle with atmospheric & ocean flow patterns. So again fortunately this too is out! Jules Verne's «Journey to the centre of the Earth » is literally a "Hell" of a way off!

ANNEXE I References from S Dutch

Official Geenbay
References for College Papers
General Principles for References, especially good reading for the green movement to gain credibility, if such is required [LINK]


Lighter stuff from S. Dutch




ANNEXE II - Climate Change
Risking being side-tracked to discussing CC –Climate Change, again!

From an excellent, clear historical academic source

(Colby College-map)

Lecture,Pdf, on climate change theories, I have extracted the following quote:

“A Plethora of Speculative Theories
By 1900, most of the chief theories of climate change had been proposed, if not yet fully explored: changes in solar output; changes in the Earth's orbital geometry; changes in terrestrial geography, including the form and height of continents and the circulation of the oceans; and changes in atmospheric transparency and composition, in part due to human activities.1 Of course, there were many others. New climate theories were being proposed and new work was being done on heat budgets, spectroscopy, and the rising CO2 content of the atmosphere."

Table 9-1. Climate change theories as classified by Brooks (1950). Theories and References:
Changes in elements of the Earth's orbit:
Adhémar (1842), Croll (1864, 1875), Drayson (1873), Ekholm (1901),
Spitaler (1907), Milankovic (1920, 1930, 1941)

Full list of Theories, including changes in atmospheric composition:
Arrhenius (1896), Chamberlin (1897, 1899), Ekholm (1901),
Callendar (1938, 1939)


Conclusion
“Global warming and the carbon dioxide theory of climate change are not new
issues. In the 1940s and 1950s, doubts about the efficacy of CO2 as an agent of
climatic change gave way to new theories and observations. Rising
temperatures, expanding carbon emissions, new measurements of the radiative
properties of trace gases, and new models of the Earth's heat budget and carbon
cycle convinced a number of scientists that the carbon dioxide theory needed to
be taken seriously. By the late 1940s and early 1950s, as Northern Hemisphere
temperatures continued to rise, global warming was on the public agenda.
However, scientific work done in the mid-1950s did not seem to make
much of an impression on the general public, whose awareness of climate issues
seemed to rise and fall with the temperature trends. With the exception perhaps
of Revelle's policy initiatives and Keeling's curve of CO2 concentration, which
continues its snakelike rise, early twentieth century concerns about global
warming are not continuous with later climate research.”

CC-For scientists & similar, fairly technical debate very much alive, references from both sides. The Earth Institute,Columbia Univ.,USA.[LINK -lectures 1-8]

Photosynthesis - The Endothermic PhysChem Reaction-In Reality "A System - Nature at her Best". (Wedge a War on Deforestation)

I have been very busy addressing various scientific and technical challenges, surprisingly, corresponding badly with the Xmas & New Year festive season, hence my lack of entries since 31 0ct.06!

Back "on the Air", I have chosen to share my introduction to a challenge which I found in the field of endothermic chemical reactions. These are reactions which absorb heat as opposed to releasing heat. As I found, it is a highly topical and even more so a highly relevant tropical theme!

Introduction:

Firstly I wish to thank Innocentive for drawing my attention, anew, to the field of Endothermic Chemical Reactions. A rapid search reminds the chance solver of the global importance of such reactions, especially under the current climate findings, in the form of Photosynthesis. I would have enjoyed delving further into this common but highly complex issue. For memory photosynthesis is an endothermic reaction very roughly:

CO2 + H20 --> C6H12O6 (glucose) + 6O2

Energy is supplied in daylight from the Sun with the further help of a catalyst, namely, chlorophyll.

Unfortunately it became rapidly apparent that I could not within the current challenge remotely hope to use this as a realisable solution.

I put the idea aside, for future reference.

The year 2006 ended with the publishing of the highly acclaimed Stern Report on the economics and financial implications of climate change and the year 2007 began with the first of the series of IPCC-UN reports on change reports and Paris conference Feb. 07.

CARBON NEUTRAL & THE HOTTEST FROM THE "AGE-DOT"

Object & Food for Thought:

"This survey, [the Economist's recent contribution to the Climate Change Debate] which generated about 118 tonnes of carbon dioxide from flights, car journeys, paper production, printing and distribution, has been carbon-neutralised through the Carbon Neutral Company. The cost was £590; the money was spent on capturing methane from an American mine." from The Economist, Sept. 7th 2006

Conclusion -Commentary:
I'll start my comment by applying my own advice to readers of this "The Economist" report, free introduction on the Climate Change Debate. Start with the conclusion, start at the bottom of the page (cf. above for ease of study).

There (cf.above) you will find some data on their Carbon Neutral Approach: Carbon Costs of this specific activity(Climate Dossier) and the monetary cost of mitigation £590.

If such activity costs so little to mitigate (roughly the lowest salary rate-could there a Zero or Two..missing?) if not why so much squabbling over policy? Or is there nothing here upon which to base an economy, and hence provide useful, meaningful,worthwhile jobs, and not just provide employment, stagnation?



Blog -Comments in full:

I did not mean to blog today,as you may see from the rest of these pages there is much page,links,lay-out cleaning-up (optimisation?) to be done. Add to this considerable paper reading material & renewed access to professional online journals, about 20 peer-reviewed journals via the Institute of (Metallurgy)Materials,Minerals and Mining to be specific. Even broader scientific news arrived on my desk from the EU-RTD (European Union-Research & Technical Development) Lads.

However,probably motivated by the radio news reporting the Hottest year it history or something (dot-age or age-dot?). I'll check the reference. There will no doubt,& fortunately so-trust a canney,concerned Scot- be good coverage of these events. One liveable planet, n'est ce pas, some liveable countries still!

I ran through some Webzine Alerts, noteably The Economist, who feature a full report on Climate Change & Free intoduction to their report 7 Sept.O6, which I am commenting on now.
I'll start my comment by applying my own advice to readers of this "The Economist" report, free introduction on the Climate debate.

Start with the conclusion. Start at the bottom of the page. There, cf.above, you will find some data on their Carbon Neutral Approach: Carbon Costs of this specific activity(Climate Dossier) and the monetary cost of mitigation.

If such activity costs so little to mitigate (roughly the lowest salary rate here & Twice minimun subsistance re-insertion rate) why so much squabbling over policy? Or is there nothing here upon which to base an economy and hence provide useful jobs, meaningful,worthwhile jobs, and not just provide employment, stagnation, stagflation?

Naturally the introduction is well written, comes to some extent after the main Climate Change Frontline "Storm(s)": IPCC-Intergoverment Panel on Climate Change 2001 building up "Steam" & Other Gases 2004-5. Economy(ies) "oblige"? The Economist although proud of it's radical tradition, attempts to remain balanced.

NB. The Economist Article was written before the Royal Society Petitioning Letter "accusing" Exxon-Mobile of biased & excessive funding to discredit good, often exellent, scientific work and conclusions on Climate Change, last week, I believe. It was also written before weekend 24-5 Sept.06 reports of Al Gore asking and being heard by (adequation) Sir Richard Branson to help by investing in Business(es) Fighting Global Warming or better expressed Fighting to Master Global Climate Change (& foreseeable Disasters?).
Post Add-on 061003: Critics have raised doutes as to the quality of R.Bransons response as "rapid scribling" on the back of [coffin nail] packet during a train journey, latter at least being more environmentally friendly reference than the equivalent (carbon) car journey!

PS. This Blog has generated almost no CO2 emmisions other than those shared by all PC, users, in particular the "no-printer-paper-ink office"s, dear to Bill Gates, who of course, can afford to annoy one or two big industrial outfits and their lobbyists.

If YOU READ THIS FAR YOU WILL FIND YOUR Patience Rewarded at Ecobusiness

Climate Change-Motor for Innovation-My J.K.Rowlings,H. Potter, Penseive

WHY INNOVATE?

PLANET UNDER PRESSURE

Between October and December 2004 The BBC (reporter Alex Kirby) ran a programme highlighting six aspects of pressures on our planet:1.Biodiversity -threats to species,2. Water crises, 3. Soaring energy demand, 4. Feeding the World while preserving the planet, 5. Tackling pollution, 6. Facing climate change.

In PICTURES

cf. Some of the Latest Reports on Climate Change:
Quick WebZine Round up 061016
TIMELY LINE: http://www.cru.uea.ac.uk/tiempo/newswatch/arideas.htm
WHAT BUSINESS SAYS:


MIXED OUTCOMES - POLITICS LAGS SCIENCE:
Mulitlingual Window to the developping World: SciDev

An international accountancy firm has outlined how to sustain the rapid economic growth of emerging economies without having serious effects on the climate. Read More: Cutting emissions without an economic slow-down: SciDev



Sci Dev GLOBAL_Multilingual;English,French,Spanish,Chinese

ENVIRONMENTAL TARGETS for YOUR GLOBAL PROJECTS

http://www.scidev.net/News/index.cfm?fuseaction=readNews&itemid=2909&language=1
http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/science/nature/3143798.stm

NEWS FROM SPACE-ESA

The weather at the bar:
- It influences public health and our general well-being,
-It has a direct impact on numerous sectors of the economy such as;
-agriculture, business, industry, transport and tourism.


“Severe weather poses one of today's biggest challenges as the damage caused by weather-related natural disasters is becoming increasingly significant. Since the apparent increase in the incidence of severe weather events is thought to be linked to a changing climate, it is crucial that we continue to further our understanding of the Earth system and its processes, enabling us to better predict the effects a changing climate may bring.”

JIT-Just-in-time: The economic and social benefits of accurate weather forecasts are huge; they give us precious time to prepare and make decisions, whether it be harvesting a crop before it rains, gritting the roads to prevent accidents, routing air traffic to avoid adverse conditions or simply planning day-to-day activities. In the extreme, knowing that hazardous weather conditions are on the way can save human life and property.


The European Space Agencies’ (ESA’s) “MetOp” programme represents the European contribution to a new co-operative venture with the United States’ National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA), which for the last 40 years has been delivering meteorological data from polar orbit, free of charge, to users world-wide.

CLICK NOW FOR FACTS FROM THE BBC

TWO or THREE QUESTIONS FROM MY YOUTH IN AYRSHIRE-
1. IS THE FIRTH OF CLYDE HEATING DUE TO NUCLEAR PLANT COOLING?
WATER VAPOUR AMPLIFIER ...??? QUESTION & NUCLEAR COOLING?

2a. When will the sea level rise again to reach the level of Seagate Castle, "Sea gate" as the name implies, suggests that it was built on the shore-front, and is the Gate way to the sea and perhaps defense from sea invaders of that time. Seagate castle, in Irvine, Ayrshire, Scotland was built around the time of Mary Stuart,Queen of Scots and visited by Mary herself.

2b. When was the area or town of Fullarton (Irvine & Fullarton) founded? Or re-worded, was the area now known as Fullarton, below sea level at the time of Mary Stuart Queen of Scots?

NB. Water builds the heat in Europe



ONE BIG PICTURE from BBC

THE RICH and THE POOR


CALIFORNIA LEADS THE WAY IN GAS MUZZELLING


1999 Already - STRONG CALLS to ACT



HOW TO START INNOVATING has been sieved, n'est pas, and re-edited in the next section .

Here I maintain the Rowlings Penseive concept -as open block notes fr shared reading, questions or comments.

In fact only this morning I was reminded of the great expectations to arise from biomimicry, micro-nano sensing, micro-nano systems research. Reference to Bionics was made. (TDB-To Be Done.)

May I suggest that an urgent sensors update approach in the form of a list of the natures known answers, "our knowledge of nature" be made widely available if only to both create the required synthetic sensors through biomimicry but also and maybe more productive,cheaper and effective to accept in more realistic time scales ie.with the proper credibility, for example through multivariable statistical computations Natures signs, Her Warnings, with more humility and use natures natural system with full enlightened respect.

"Thoughts from Dumbledore" ref. The imaginative J.K. Rowlings Character in Harry Potter

UNDERSTAND CLIMATE CHANGE -CLIMATE FORECASTS:
http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/shared/spl/hi/sci_nat/04/climate_change/html/climate.stm
UNDERSTANDING THE GREENHOUSE EFFECT:
http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/shared/spl/hi/sci_nat/04/climate_change/html/greenhouse.stm
UNDERSTANDING THE CARBON CYCLE:
http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/shared/spl/hi/sci_nat/04/climate_change/html/carbon.stm
SOME EXAMPLES OF FEEDBACK EFFECTS:
http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/shared/spl/hi/sci_nat/04/climate_change/html/carbon.stm
POSSIBLE EFFECTS ON THE GULF STREAM :
http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/shared/spl/hi/sci_nat/04/climate_change/html/gulf.stm
GET TO THE ROOTS OF CLIMATE SCIENCE & MODELING
http://www.climateprediction.net/science/index.php
GET INVOLVED
http://www.climateprediction.net/

GLOBAL DIMMING -not so simple but "Dr. COX is at the BAR.
"We're going to be in a situation unless we act where the cooling pollutant is dropping off while the warming pollutant is going up. That means we'll get reducing cooling and increased heating at the same time and that's a problem for us," says Dr Cox. -GLOBAL DIMMING cf.
http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/science/nature/4171591.stm
ACT ON

http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/shared/spl/hi/sci_nat/04/climate_change/html/carbon.stm


SOME ACTION
http://www.greenenergyworks.org.uk/itworks.htm#jobs

TRADITIONAL APPROACHES

CLEANING COAL - As Fast As POSSIBLE (CC-ASAP)?
TITLE from BLACK to GREEN
http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/science/nature/4468076.stm

*GROWTH - NEW: POTENTIAL SET-BACK TO GROWTH _CH4 (methane) Underestimated - Forestry
http://www.scidev.net/News/index.cfm?fuseaction=readNews&itemid=2588&language=1



Management Action WEDGE
Forestry Management WEDGE action required cf. Wedge Theory below.
MAIN HOLISTIC ACTION PLAN -WEDGES -WEDGES MORE WEDGES

By R.Socolow, Science 13 August 2004:Vol. 305. no. 5686, pp. 968 - 972DOI: 10.1126/science.1100103

Review
Stabilization Wedges: Solving the Climate Problem for the Next 50 Years with Current Technologies S. Pacala1* and R. Socolow2*
Humanity already possesses the fundamental scientific, technical, and industrial know-how to solve the carbon and climate problem for the next half-century. A portfolio of technologies now exists to meet the world's energy needs over the next 50 years and limit atmospheric CO2 to a trajectory that avoids a doubling of the preindustrial concentration. Every element in this portfolio has passed beyond the laboratory bench and demonstration project; many are already implemented somewhere at full industrial scale. Although no element is a credible candidate for doing the entire job (or even half the job) by itself, the portfolio as a whole is large enough that not every element has to be used.
1 Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, Princeton University, Princeton, NJ 08544, USA.2 Department of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, Princeton University, Princeton, NJ 08544, USA.

* To whom correspondence should be addressed. E-mail: pacala@princeton.edu
'//-->
(S.P.); socolow@princeton.edu
'//-->
(R.S.)

WEDGES EXPLAINED

www.stabilisation2005.com/day3/Socolow.pdf

Wedges commented, in french

http://www.planetpositive.ch/version_2_0/news/articles/1234/_quinze_idees_pour_sauver_le_monde.html

http://www.planetpositive.ch/version_2_0/news/articles/1234/_quinze_idees_pour_sauver_le_monde.html

WEDGE BIOGRAPHY-LITTERATURE-PAPERS LIST

http://mae.princeton.edu/people/e9/socolow/profile.html

www.stabilisation2005.com/day3/Socolow.pdf

WEDGE IDEAS from SCIENCE MAG.
http://www.sciencemag.org/cgi/content/summary/sci;305/5686/957

SEARCH - SEEK - FIND -EXPERIMENT
(Remember the Demming Virtuous Cycle :Plan Do Check & Act)
SEARCH FOR MATERIALS WHICH ABSORB CO2 REACT & BIND WITH & TRAP, CO2

Water builds the heat in EuropeWater vapour rather than carbon dioxide is the main reason why Europe is warming, a new study concludes.» 83% relevance 12/11/2005 similar stories
Heatwave makes plants warm planetThe 2003 heatwave turned Europe's plants from absorbers to producers of carbon dioxide, a new study finds.» 86% relevance 21/09/2005 similar stories
CO2 emissions put corals at riskIsraeli scientists predict coral reefs could begin to collapse in as little as 30 years from now.» 90% relevance 01/02/2005 similar stories

http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/science/nature/286839.stm
'No solution' found in more treesScientists find parts of the Amazon rainforest emit more carbon dioxide than they absorb when conditions are very wet.» 86% relevance 28/11/2003 similar stories
Oceans becoming more acidicTwo US scientists say the pH of the world's oceans is falling, potentially threatening marine life if it continues unabated.» 86% relevance 24/09/2003 similar stories
Land use 'alters climate'Alterations in land use may be as important as greenhouse gases in changing the climate, US scientists say.» 85% relevance 02/10/2002 similar stories
New greenhouse gas threatScientists discover a new greenhouse gas that is 18,000 times more effective than CO2 in trapping heat.» 86% relevance 27/07/2000 similar stories
Trees 'will not avert climate change'United Nations scientists say planting trees to absorb carbon dioxide will do little to slow global warming.» 88% relevance 20/10/1999 similar stories
Iron helps combat climate changeAdding iron to the sea could slow down climate change, according to the first results from an international experiment.


FROM THIS LIST ONE RECALLS THAT IRON (Fe) IS ONE SERIOUS (EXTREME) POTENTIAL TOOL TO LIMIT CO2 Fe is A FERTILISER FOR CO2 absorbing PLANKTON, BuuuT....!!!
and Fe again, one month earlier Adding iron to the sea could slow down climate change, according to the first results from an international experiment.


THE IPCC Special Report - Carbon Dioxide Capture and Storage (Pdf format)



MATERIALS & PROCESS CHEMISTS & ENGINEERS HAVE A STRONG ROLE TO PLAY
eg. in MINERALISATION of CO2. & Separation of CO2. Biologists Too
GREENHOUSE GAS ONLINE - EXTENSIVE
http://www.ghgonline.org/index.htm

IT MUST BE OBVIOUS BY NOW THAT ALL INDUSTRIES MUST BE CONSTRAINED (TO ALLOW FAIR COMPETITION) TO TAKE A FULL LIFE CYCLE VIEW OF THEIR "MATERIALS HANDLING. NATIONS & INTERNATIONAL BODIES MUST ESTABLISH & ENFORCE SUCH LEGISLATION & CONTROL. A 10 YEAR PERIOD WITH OBJECTIVES & AIMS TO BE MET APPEARS TO BE A PROPER ROAD TO GROWTH.




Table TS.2. Profile by process or industrial activity of worldwide large stationary CO2 sources with emissions of more than 0.1 MtCO2 per
year.
Process - No of sources - Emissions(MtCO2 yr-1)
Fossil fuels Power 4,942 10,539
Cement production 1,175 932
Refineries 638 798
Iron and steel industry 269 646
Petrochemical industry 470 379
Oil&gas processingN/A 50
Other sources 90 33
Biomass
Bioethanol& bioenergy 303 91
Total 7,887 13,466

CO2 in the Bin (in French), source Ademe, the French Environment Agency
http://www.manicore.com/documentation/serre/dechets.html

MATERIALS Carbon Equivalent per Tonne(metric T), produced
Matériau kg équivalent carbone par tonne produite (valeurs européennes)
PROCESS-Source-Emissions
Acier à partir de minerai - 850
Acier à partir de ferrailles
300
Aluminium à partir de minerai
3.000
Aluminium à partir de ferrailles d'alu
600
Verre plat
400
Verre bouteille
120
Plastique de base (polyéthylène, polystyrène, PCV, PETÉ)
500 à 1.600
Papier-carton
500
Ciment
250

TODAYS SEARCH 14 Feb 2006
GREENHOUSE GAS ONLINE - EXTENSIVE
http://www.ghgonline.org/index.htm

ECONOMICS :APPROACHES TO SOLVE CLIMATE CHANGE
http://www.neweconomics.org/gen/climate_change_top.aspx?page=1036&folder=146&

ENERGY SAVING IS GOOD PRACTICE:

LOW ENERGY LIGHT BULBS & BANNING THE LIGHT BULBS:
While counting or pennies and cents please note the disposal recommendations due to Mercury, Hg.
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Low-energy_light-bulb

THINK LED - Light Emitting Diode.

LEDS Explained.
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/LED

Advantages Far Outweigh Disadvantages - Why is their adoption so slow?
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/LED#Disadvantages_of_using_LEDs

CHECK THESE LED IMAGES
http://delphi.homelinux.org/gallery/ledlight

LED IMAGES & PRICES TO BEAT
http://www.thinkgeek.com/clearance/7aa8/



LINKS ON CLIMATE CHANGE BASICS & ARTICLES

Global Warming (GW) and Sudden' Climate Change Information
http://www.visi.com/~gmatkovits/SCC%20Post-03.21..2005.html
Who is blogging on climate?-cf.technorati
Who is blogging on climate?
EU_European Union "CO2 Free Trade Area"_Road to Economic Growth:Trade in your C02 emissions & especially Phase out your CO2 emissions.
TOTAL COST EFFECTIVE CO2 EMISSIONS REDUCTION FROM ROYAL DUTCH
Tell them to
"Shell those CO2 Emissions"

TBD-To Be DoneBD
THE VERY HOTEST TOPIC http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/sci/tech/4698652.stmNB.A TOPIC-CIVIL AVIATION(Kyoto XYZ bis?)Stats-The Law of Series! cf. La Recherche(fr) Jan06, Thierry de la Rue & More Plane info @ http://www.airdisaster.com/ Blacklisted HOT TROPICS-Hurricane Events Analysis, Response and Mitigation http://www.asce.org/static/hurricane/journal.cfm Lawrence Livermore & Carnegie-TROPICAL& Temperate Climate Advice:http://www.llnl.gov/pao/news/news_releases/2005/NR-05-11-01.html more http://www.llnl.gov/ cf. http://www.scientific-computing.com/minisite/issue95/2.html 1st Reaction Tropical Forest =4X,10X? Temperates-STRICT MANAGEMENT of Tropicals & Plant both Trop&Temp Forests in proper species & proportions.